A normal heart beats in a steady, regular rhythm. In atrial fibrillation — often shortened to "AF" or "AFib" — the upper chambers of the heart beat in a fast, disorganised way, so the pulse becomes irregular and sometimes very rapid. AF is one of the most common heart rhythm problems, and it becomes more frequent as we get older.
What it can feel like
Some people clearly notice AF; others have no symptoms at all and it is found only during a routine check-up. Common experiences include a fluttering or "racing" sensation in the chest (palpitations), tiredness, breathlessness, dizziness, or reduced ability to do usual activities. Because symptoms can come and go, AF is sometimes missed.
Why it matters
Two reasons make AF important. First, when the upper chambers quiver instead of contracting properly, blood can pool and form a clot. If that clot travels to the brain, it can cause a stroke — and strokes linked to AF are often more serious. Second, a heart that races in AF for long periods can gradually weaken. The encouraging news is that with the right treatment, both of these risks can be greatly reduced.
Common triggers and risk factors
AF becomes more likely with increasing age, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, thyroid problems, heavy alcohol use, untreated sleep apnoea (loud snoring with pauses in breathing), and other heart conditions. Managing these underlying factors is a key part of controlling AF.
How it is checked
A simple ECG (a quick, painless recording of the heart's electrical activity) can confirm AF. Because AF can be intermittent, your doctor may sometimes ask for a longer recording over a day or more to catch it. Many modern watches can hint at an irregular rhythm, but a proper medical ECG is needed to confirm the diagnosis.
How it is managed
Treatment is tailored to each person and usually has three aims: reducing stroke risk (often with blood-thinning medicines when appropriate), controlling the heart rate or restoring a normal rhythm, and treating the underlying triggers. Options range from medicines to procedures for selected patients. What is right for one person may not suit another — the plan should always be individualised.
When to seek help
See a doctor if you notice a persistently irregular or racing pulse, palpitations with breathlessness or chest discomfort, fainting, or sudden weakness. If you or someone near you develops sudden weakness of the face or arm, difficulty speaking, or one-sided numbness, treat it as a possible stroke and seek emergency care immediately.
This article is for general education only and is not a substitute for individual medical advice. Please consult a qualified doctor about your own health.
Dr. Rohan P. Parikh, Interventional Cardiologist, Anand · 24×7 emergency: +91 70690 53852